Gavrilo Princip, Sarajevo and World War I Essay -- Bosnia History Poli

Gavrilo Princip, Sarajevo and World War I In present-day Sarajevo alongside the Miljacka River there used to be commemorative footprints in the concrete sidewalk. Spanning across the Miljacka River was the Princip Bridge, named after the man who took not only the life of an Archduke, but also the lives of many more during World War I. Bismarck had predicted that, â€Å"Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans† would cause the war. He was partially correct. The assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip did not cause World War I; instead it served as one of the contributing factors to the start of the war. This is why in Sarajevo, after 1990, there are no traces of the assassination. Street names have been changed, and Gavrilo Princip is now considered a criminal terrorist by Bosnia. Today it is known that â€Å"The assassination is a very sensitive topic† and that is is â€Å"hard to find people willing to talk candidly about Gavrilo Princip.† There were many reasons for the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Many of these reasons had to do with the relationship between the countries of Austria and Serbia. After the Treaty of Berlin in 1878 Austria was given the right to govern the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the time, Bosnia consisted of Croats who are Roman Catholic, the ethnic Serbs who were Serb-Orthodox, and the Muslims who were left from when the Turks ruled populated the province of Bosnia. Unfortunately there was no one set ethnic group for Bosnians. Many of the Bosnians wanted to have their province shared in conjunction with Serbia, which was only across the river. Serbia agreed with the Bosnians on this matter and were very eager to see this happen... ...orld War.com. Memoir of Count Franz von Harrach, 28 June 1914, http://www.firstworldwar.com/source/harrachmemoir.htm. 24 April 2003. Geiss, Imanuel, ed. July 1914 The Outbreak of the First World War Selected Documents. New York: Norton and Co., 1967. Habsburg, Otto von. â€Å"I Know This Will End Badly.† Newsweek v133 i10 (March 8, 1999): 34 (1). Hergesell, Alexandra. â€Å"Echoes of World War I.† Europe (October 2001): 44. Jelavich, Barbara. The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs, 1814-1918. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969. Lafore, Laurence. The Long Fuse. Philadelphia: Lippincott Co., 1965. Seton-Watson, R.W.. Sarajevo. London: Hutchinson and Co., 1969. Snyder, Louis L. Historic Documents of World War I. Princeton NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc., 1958 â€Å"When Sarajevo Triggered a War.† Time, vol. 123 (January 30, 1984): 33 (1).

Park and Sprague

The average American life expectancy is at 75 years, which reflects an increasing population of Senior citizens projected to reach around 80 million when year 2050 comes around. This is also true with countries as developed as the USA and that of Korea estimating to be at one for every five persons belonging to the senior category. What is also projected is the fact that also by 2050, more Americans will live at 85 and above at a 30 percent increase of the population.This implies a lot of things; mainly, the need for continuing care will be increased as facilities for such arrangements obviously have to be taken cared of or planned as well (Park and Sprague, 2007). Changing values in the family, the fact of urbanization and improved financial capabilities of those reaching their senior years account for this increased need for continuing care retirement institutions. The picture of current sophisticated nursing care for the elderly is no longer confined to the typical home for the ag ed.Today’s communities prepared for those in their retirement years take into consideration the sense of independence or autonomy of senior adults, the preservation of their dignity and especially the needed care of each unique individuals, making the residents feel that home becomes an integral ambience of their stay (Park and Sprague, 2007). Definitely, the challenges that are distinctive of the senior years include first and foremost the physical decline of the elderly.This alone cascades into several ramifications including the loss or diminished use of some sensory capacities such as loss of touch and impairment of hearing and visual capabilities (â€Å"Factors in the elder care decision. † 2005). Reduced strength becomes a source of daily struggle since motor reflexes become slow as energy levels are equally diminishing (Park and Sprague, 2007). With these changes, the decision to commit elderly to the care of professionals in institutions is usually made when al l the advantages and disadvantages have been considered.Advantages include having the facilities such as residential care social services where the physical needs are virtually taken cared of; senior community center where the social interactions are looked after to alleviate loneliness and sense of detachment from the family and the community; independent housing, and nursing home care where the health is maintained and diseases are reduced to a minimum; all the needs of the elderly have been thought of and designed basing on the continuum of care concept (â€Å"Factors in the elder care decision.† 2005). Bathing, meals, and medications are practically relieved from the care of the immediate relatives and provided for by trained personnel. In addition, the elderly who can hardly sustain themselves are provided with skilled nursing facilities; those who have become totally dependent such as the bedridden and myriad health problems (Park and Sprague, 2007). Disadvantages start with the rent or cost which is understandably high.Some residential areas may be lower in cost but the isolation may complicate or worsen the health conditions of those who become lonely for their loved ones and other vital connections. Other disadvantages are the risks of physical abuse and neglect which are not hundred percent guaranteed in some or many facilities despite the promise of administrative personnel to their clients. In addition, there may limitations as to the number of residents that a facility may take in; hence it may take a while to apply and be accepted in some of the excellent communities.Questions arise whether excellent care is actually given to the elderly, or whether the staffs that are hired are actually knowledgeable and skilled to take care of the individual clients (Park and Sprague, 2007). In conclusion, the relatives or loved ones of the elderly will eventually make their decision on affordability and sense of security that they feel concerning the pr ospective community that they will confine their elderly into (â€Å"Factors in the elder care decision.† 2005). Studies reveal that most elderly have maintained and/restored vitality when confined to the care of these trained professionals. On the other hand, it would probably be all important that decisions be made exhaustively, as residents may find their options are decisions they need to accept as lifetime (Krooks and Stoppel, 2007) as they will be leaving homes and loved ones, and in all probability will include the decision to sell their residential abodes. Reference:Krooks, Bernard and Kirsten Stoppel. 2000. Continuing Care Retirement Communities. Accessed February 18, 2008

Essay on Euthanasia and Doctor-Assisted Suicide - The...

Euthanasia and the Will to Live The denial of food and fluids to Terri Schindler-Schiavo, the 36 year old Florida woman in a vegetative state since a heart attack, has caused Americans to ponder the fact that any one of them could be in this womans place for a variety of reasons, like an auto accident, fall, mishap, etc. And most Americans dont want to be treated by their family as Terri is being treated by her husband - being denied food and fluids in order to hasten death. It is appropriate to be appalled, but no one should be shocked. Denial of food and fluids to people who cannot speak for themselves has been going on for fifteen years in this country. It is routine practice in hospitals and nursing homes across the†¦show more content†¦The surrogate decision-maker is normally whomever is classed by the particular state as the closest relative, but if no relatives are available may be a guardian or even the persons doctor. Such surrogates are daily authorizing the cutoff of food and fluids to patients who are unable to speak for themselves and never gave any indication that they might want to be starved. Only in the comparatively rare cases when there is some dispute among relatives, such as in the Wendland case in California, the earlier Hugh Finn case in Virginia, and the Schindler-Schiavo case now in Florida, do these cases reach public attention, normally in the context of lawsuits. It should come as no surprise that, with important exceptions, the prevailing view in the judiciary, as in the medical profession, is receptive to the quality of life ethic. Judges are often dismissive of the pro-life position that all human beings possess dignity and the right to live, regardless of their age or degree of disability. When the relative or other individual designated by state law to make health care decisions for an incompetent person who has left no clear advance directive chooses to cut off food and fluids, courts are rarely willing to agree with other relatives who seek to overturn that decision. Indeed, the current battleground is over efforts by health care personnel to cut off food, fluid and life-saving treatments from patients they think have a poor quality of life AGAINST THEShow MoreRelatedEuthanasi Euthanasia And Euthanasia1483 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia is a long smooth-sounding word, and it conceals its danger as long, smooth-sounding words do, but the danger is there, nevertheless. As Pearl S. Buck explained through this quote, Euthanasia and medically assisted suicide to present a real danger. Although society refuses to see these dangers, euthanasia creates countless problems that shake society. Euthanasia remains a conditional based issue; therefore, the laws created rely on weak ideas that allow for easy manipulation, asRead MoreDefending Euthanasia Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of books and newspaper articles opposing the use of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide and who also is the Samuel Gale Professor of Law, Professor in the Faculty of Medicine, and Founding Director of the Centre for Medicine, Ethics, and Law at McGill University, Montreal, wrote the internet article titled â€Å"Against Euthanasia.† In the article Somerville blatantly states that any type of euthanasia or physician -assisted suicide is completely and totally wrong under all circumstances. Read MoreEuthanasia And Assisted Suicide : A Patient s Choice1742 Words   |  7 Pages Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: A patient s choice in their type of death. When a patient is terminally ill or is experiencing extreme pain, often Euthanasia or Assisted Suicide can both be plausible options to end any suffering. Euthanasia is currently legalized in seven countries and parts of the United States (New Health Guide). This number is not likely to increase soon because of the high controversy, which is due to the very serious topic of this matter: a person s life. The generalRead MoreThe Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Released1181 Words   |  5 PagesDisease Control and Prevention released a suicide report in 2015 stating that in The United States, suicide is the 10th leading cause of deaths. As many as 44,193 individuals have died per year, which means there is about 123 suicide deaths a day happening as of now in The United States (â€Å"Suicide Statistics†). This is only the statistics of deaths that have been successful in The United States, it is not counting all suicide deaths around the world nor suicide attempts. T his alone is already a majorRead More Assisted Suicide Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pages The right to assisted suicide is an intricate topic posed upon those in the United States and several other countries throughout the world. Assisted suicide proposes a controversy of whether or not a person has a right to solicit death through the help of a licensed physician. This issue has sparked an intense moral controversy. Assisted suicide has become apparent in various places around the world such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Oregon and Washington (Humphry)Read MoreThe Debate About Euthanasia And Euthanasia1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe debates about euthanasia date all the way back to the 12th century. During this time, Christian values increased the public’s opinion against euthanasia. The church taught its followers that euthanasia not only injured individual people and their communities, but also violated God’s authority over life. This idea spread far and wide throughout the public until the 18th century when the renaissance and reformation writers attacked the church and its teachings. However, the public did not pay muchRead MoreAssisted Suicide And Voluntary Active Euthanasia Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pageswish for relief on their significant unrelenting pain, but the only method right now is to end their lives. There are two methods that many terminall y ill look to that are familiarized by our society, physician assisted suicide and voluntary active euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide is when the patient is prescribed lethal medicine by the doctor to commit suicide. While, voluntary active euthanasia is when a physician takes an active role in the action of killing the patient. There is often debateRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide1418 Words   |  6 Pagesaway. The doctors can put the patient in an induced coma, but what kind of living is that? It is not living. The patient does not want to go on. Is it so wrong to ask for a way out? With less than six months to live, the patient’s hope is gone. Many argue that euthanasia is not ethical, but is it really ethical to let someone live in constant, horrifying pain and agony? While in some cases having the right to die might result in patients giving up on life, physician-assisted suicide should beRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Physician Assisted Suicide1566 Words   |  7 Pagesin a hospital bed hooked to numerous machines. The doctors and nurses are constantly coming in always to determine the status of your health while you’re attempting to get what little rest you can through the suffering your feeling, weakness and pain endlessly throughout your body. On top of that you re experiencing symptoms from numerous medications, blockage, wooziness, you can barely breathe and the fact that you’re continually ill. The doctors have given you a zero percent chance of survival;Read MoreEuthanasia and Assisted Suicide1645 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are actions at the core of what it means to be human - the moral and ethical actions that make us who we are, or who we ought to be. Euthanasia, a subject known in the twenty-first century, is subject to many discussions about ethical permissibility, which date back to as far as ancient Greece and Rome. It was not until the Hippocratic School removed the practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide from medical practice. Euthanasia in itself raises many

The American Grievances Essay - 1662 Words

Ch. 7-10 Questions 1. Were all the American grievances really justified, or were the British actually being more reasonable than most Americans have traditionally believed? The British were actually more reasonable than most Americans have traditionally believed. For example, the navigation laws, laws that regulated trade to and from the colonies, would be seen as an American grievance but were not really enforced by the British government until 1763, which allowed people to smuggle goods, â€Å"But the truth is that until 1763, the various navigation laws imposed no intolerable burden, mainly because there were only loosely enforced. Enterprising colonial merchants learned early to disregard or evade troublesome restrictions. Some of the†¦show more content†¦The British enrolled about fifty thousand American Loyalists and enlisted the services of many Indians, who though unreliable, who fair-weather fighters, inflamed long stretches of the frontier†(135). This extra help from colonists, Loyalist, hessians, and the Indians only add to the army creating a bigger advantage towards the colonists. Even though they did not win it can sai d that the British seemed to have a bigger lead on the colonists. Colonists presented themselves as weak and disorganized, where one would presume that they wouldn’t win at all, â€Å"Yet the American rebels were badly organized for war. From the earliest days, they had been almost fatally lacking in unity, and a new nation lurched forward uncertainly like an uncoordinated centipede†(136). Organization is important for the colonists because they are competing against a well-developed and trained army. 4. What was radical and new in the Declaration of Independence, and what was old and traditional? What did the statements like â€Å"all men are created equal† mean in their historical context, and what did they come to mean later? The old and traditional of the Declaration of Independence is that the idea of having alienable rights. The British defied these rights to the colonist, and the constitution gave them back or reconnected the colonists with these rights, â€Å"Jefferson’s pronouncement, couched in a lofty style, was magnificent. He gave his appeal universality by invoking theShow MoreRelatedGrievances Of The American Colonists Against Great Britain Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pages Grievances of the American Colonists against Great Britain For a better part of the eighteenth century, the American colonists expressed vexation and disapproval of the coercive acts, which the British Government perpetrated on the colony through series of legislative acts by the British Parliament. Prior to the acts that the colonists in America termed as atrocious and oppressive, they were willing to cooperate and reaffirm loyalty to the King of EnglandRead MoreEarly American Non Fiction Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesEarly American Non-Fiction Essay Through American history, there have been numerous examples of revolutionary writing that has changed the course of human events. For example, the Declaration of Independence was a mere three page document that was able to express America’s feelings toward Great Britain, and explain why America desired separation. Another fantastic example of revolutionary American writing is The Crisis by Thomas Paine. In this brief document, Thomas Paine was able to not only galvanizeRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In American Literature714 Words   |  3 Pagesconverged, leading to conflict. However, one thing that has remained constant is American literature, and the popularity of literature in America. American Literature is a reflection of the fundamental right of Americans to protest against their government and express their grievances. The idea of the freedom of speech has been crucial to this development. Without this right, American Literature would look much different. Amer ican Literature is unique in that fact that is has been used a platform for changeRead MoreEssay on Development of the American Identity Between 1750 and 1776919 Words   |  4 PagesKeum Yong (Andrew) Lee DBQ – Score 8/9 (95) In what ways and to what extent did the â€Å"American identity† develop between 1750 and 1776? Though the American colonists had not achieved a true, uniform sense of identity or unity by 1776, on the eve of Revolution, the progress towards unity and the inchoate idea of an â€Å"American† between 1750 and 1776 is inevitable in both existence and significance. Previous to the French and Indian War, America as a whole had been, more or less, loyal mercantile-basedRead MoreThe Economic, Military And Civil Grievances And The Declaration Of Independence1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe economic, military and civil grievances were essential in drafting the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration is one of the most admired and eloquent proclamations in American history. The document’s goal was to announce the independence of the original thirteen colonies by listing grievances concerning the tyranny of King George III of Great Britain. These original colonies were the first to come together to form the United States. It was adopted in its final form on July 4, 1776. TheRead MorePurpose Of The Declaration Of Independence762 Words   |  4 Pagestitled the Declaration of Independence. July 4th, 1776 marked a salient day in history for all Americans, when our freedom was finally given to us, and we were emancipated from Britain once and for all. The Declaration of Independence emphasizes why The United States of America separated from Britain through the Preamble, Declaration of Natural Rights, Grievances, and the Attempts to Address Grievances. To begin, the first section of the Declaration of Independence was titled The PreambleRead MoreBehind The United States Constitution1040 Words   |  5 Pagesof American history. Before the Constitution, the Articles of Confederation were devised to ensure the natural rights of Americans were protected. Several issues surrounded the original Articles of Confederation. The question of how to strengthen the articles seemed to be quite a struggle, until the creation of the Constitution. Not only did the Constitution create stronger guidelines for the new country, but it also partnered with the Declaration of Independence in relieving some grievances of theRead MoreThe Main Causes Of The American Revolution1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Revolution There are many events that occurred and shaped the way America is the way it is now. However, one of the most important events would be the American Revolution. The American Revolution was the biggest step towards modern day America since it was the event that broke off British control from the states. Even though however, the events of what happens later on after the revolution are important, as well as being able to understand what caused the revolution in the first placeRead MoreThe Organizational Chart Of Your Agency Placement836 Words   |  4 Pagesopportunity to file a written grievance. The grievance must be given to the client’s therapist or to the Clinical Director. The Clinical Director must respond to the grievance within three days. Also, clients must complete client satisfaction surveys and rate his or her experience during treatment. Clients fill out the satisfaction survey during the discharge process. Clients’ involvement in the agency’s decision-making process is limited to filing suggestions or grievances. The Clinical Director willRead MoreEssay On The Grievances Of The Declaration Of Independence934 Words   |  4 PagesHow are the Grievances of the Declaration of Independence addressed in the U.S. Constitution? The Grievances of the Declaration of Independence, written in 1776 primarily by Thomas Jefferson, were the enumerated reasons for the colonists establishing themselves as a nation. There are twenty-seven grievances in the Declaration of Independence, all of which are addressed in the U.S. Constitution for the welfare of the American citizens. While, the 13 original colonies were still under the control

Jean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development - 1553 Words

Jean Piaget is considered to be very influential in the field of developmental psychology. Piaget had many influences in his life which ultimately led him to create the Theory of Cognitive Development. His theory has multiple stages and components. The research done in the early 1900’s is still used today in many schools and homes. People from various cultures use his theory when it comes to child development. Although there are criticisms and alternatives to his theory, it is still largely used today around the world. Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland on August 1896. Some of Piaget’s influences that contribute to his later works includes his father. â€Å"His father, a medieval literature professor named Arthur, modeled a†¦show more content†¦It measures, â€Å"Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory. Each of these factors is tested in two separate domains, verbal and nonverbal† (Sta nford Binet, 2012). While Piaget was working in the test lab on cognitive intelligence he became interested in cognitive intelligence with children. As he was studying the children, he noticed differences between the way each child thought. Specifically, he noticed these changes with different age groups. â€Å"He noticed that young children s answers were qualitatively different than older children† (Huitt Hummel, 2003). With this observation, he came out with a conclusion that would ultimately lead him to create the Theory of Cognitive Development. Piaget concluded, â€Å"that the younger ones were not dumber (a quantitative position since as they got older and had more experiences they would get smarter) but, instead, answered the questions differently than their older peers because they thought differently† (Huitt Hummel, 2003). Piaget noticed that children from different age groups thought differently. It did not mean that younger kids were not as smart, but that they learned in different ways. Piaget also studied children in his own family, these studies would eventually contribute to his theory. For example, he noticed something interesting when he was watchingShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1607 Words   |  7 PagesShaquille Ross Professor Morris Piaget Theory Jean Piaget s theory of cognitive development gives a broader way of explaining the way of how the process of thinking is developed, based off of different age groups. He became interested in how organisms adapt and conform to its environment. He believe that it was labelled as intelligence. He observed these behaviors by controlling them through schema or schemes. In other words, Piaget organized experiments that are based off of intellectualRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1045 Words   |  5 Pageshave shaped our understandings of the human mind and our behaviors. Jean Piaget was by no means an exception. Piaget was a clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development. He was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Over the course of his later career in child psychology, he identified four stages of mental development that took into account young people s development from basic object identification t o highly abstract thought. This paperRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1071 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay I want to analyse Jean Piaget’s (1936) stage theory of cognitive development and Erik Erikson’s (1959) theory on stage development. Piaget’s theory focuses on cognitive development where Erikson’s applies a more psychosocial lens. I will be analysing the key concepts of each theory and comparing them to see the similarities and differences in the theorists thinking. Piaget’s theory is made up of four stages. The first stage was the sensitometer stage. This occurs from birth to twoRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development877 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget is one of many theorists to have proposed ideas about development. However he was the first to make a methodical study of cognitive development. In his theory Piaget describes four main stages of psychological development which he believes children move through. His theory suggests that each stage helps to construct the next; leading cognitive abilities to become more advanced as we grow older. When taking into consideration discontinuity and continuity; Piaget’s cognitive stages leansRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1641 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget (1936), was a developmental psychologist from Switzerland. He was known to be one of the first psychologists to study cognitive development. His contributions include an in depth theory of cognitive child development. His studies include many detailed child observations and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal a child cognitive abilities. Before Piaget’s theory of development many psychologists believed that children were just less competent thinkers then adults. Piaget arguesRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive And Affective Development1693 Words   |  7 PagesMethodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget The Methodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget Timothy Carlton Southwest Tennessee Community College A Paper Presented In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For Life Span Psychology 2130-L01 July 31, 2014 â€Æ' â€Æ' Abstract Jean Piaget’s theory of Cognitive and Affective Development is a result of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding mental processes and the behaviors presented by those processes. Piaget’s theory encompasses developmentRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development895 Words   |  4 Pageshave contributed to the study of Psychology. One of these great contributors is Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist. He is mostly known for his theory of cognitive development. Jean Piaget used his own life as well of the lives of his own children to develop this theory. He believed that the thought process between children and adults were different and thus that began the process of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist who was born on August 9, 1986. He is one of the mostRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development943 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development broke new ground in the field of Psychology leading to the extension of further research into the area of developmental psychology. In this essay I seek to examine these theories whilst considering their current relevance to modern psychology and society. A major part of Piaget’s theory focuses around the idea of schemas; a set of linked mental representations used to make sense of the world. According to Piaget (1952), we are born with a small setRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development Essay2015 Words   |  9 Pages Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Penny Clark Austin Peay State University Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Introduction There have been many people that have made huge contributions to the school of psychology. Perhaps one of the most influential theorists was Jean Piaget. Piaget was a philosopher, biologist, educationalist, and psychologists. He decided to study the many ways in which children develop knowledge. He made many contributions to his theories

The Hukou System in China Free Essays

No other creatures in the animal world form anything like cities. The closest resemblance would be a bee hive or an anthill, however in contrast to human agglomerations; they are closed to non-natives and not based on voluntary exchange (Bartlett, 1998, cited in O’Sullivan, 2009). The hukou (household registration) system, implemented in China in the late 1950’s and still being enforced today, assigns a hukou location to every Chinese citizen that curtails self-initiated moves and limits migration from rural to urban areas (Fan 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on The Hukou System in China or any similar topic only for you Order Now These restrictions create agglomerations much ike those described by the hives and the hills of nature, and it is questioned whether such restrictions are preventing Chinese cities from obtaining a socially optimizing equilibrium. This essay looks to discuss the determinants of city size, the effects of the hukou system on these determinants and hence evaluate whether Chinese cities are induced to The size of a city can be distinguished between its size in terms of land mass and its size in terms of population. For this issue we shall mainly focus on population. Ravenstein’s (1889, cited from Fan, 2005) laws f migration introduced the notion that people move in order to better themselves economically. In this view, migration is considered as the individual’s response to regional differentials in economic development. Similarly, neoclassical theory views migration as an outcome of geographic differences in labor demand and supply (Sjaastad 1962, cited from Fan, Firms and hence labor force are attracted to cities as they provide agglomeration economies and economies of scale, efficiently concentrating infrastructure and other common resources via labor-pooling, knowledge pill-overs and economic competition, thus raising productivity, and hence wages (O’Sullivan, 2009). Ultimately it is a migrant’s utility that influences their decision to migrate from place to place. O’Sullivan (2009) relates the utility of a worker with the total workforce within a city, From this example it can be shown that cities may be too large, but not too small. The utility curve reaches its maximum with 2 million workers in a city so a region with 6 million workers will maximize utility with 3 cities, where utility has adjusted until workers are indifferent between the two cities. If cities are too small, so for example if there are 6 small cities each with 1m workers, there is an unstable equilibrium because the utility curve is positively sloped at this point. If a worker moves from one small city to another they create a utility gap as the population in one has decreased – and hence utility – while the other increased. This gap encourages even more movement, and as self-reinforcing effects generate extreme outcomes, the extreme outcome is that everyone will move from one city to another, making the city ‘disappear’. However when you have two large cities, with m workers each, when a worker moves and a utility gap is created, utility is actually higher in the smaller city (perhaps due to congestion and overcrowding in the now larger city) making migration self-correcting rather than self-reinforcing. Migrants will then either move back to the smaller city, or existing inhabitants of the larger city will move to the smaller one until a stable equilibrium of 3 million workers. The hukou system’s restrictions will limit worker’s ability to migrate between cities and it is almost certain that an optimum equilibrium state will not being reached. Workers will be contained within the region they currently reside and while it may be possible for equilibrium to be reached within the region, it limits the probability of it being optimal dramatically. This reflects Andes'(1995) view that political forces, more so than economic ones, drive urban centralization, hence cities are induced While migration may be a major factor in the determination of city size, â€Å"cities are engines of economic growth† (Lucas, 2001, cited from O’Sullivan, 2009), regardless of migration restrictions. Krugman (1991) says that economic growth is induced through agglomeration economies, with lements of labor-pooling, knowledge spill-overs and technological innovation. With these elements, growth can be induced by increasing the productivity and income of human capital (O’Sullivan, 2009), learning and innovating production and management techniques from one another (Porter, 1990 cited from Glaeser, 1992) and hence as a result of a combination of the previous two, results in technological innovation, further increasing productivity and efficiency (Krugman, 1991). As a result of internal economic growth, O’Sullivan (2009) depicts this graphically again with respect to worker’s utility and population, Figure 2. Growth induced by innovation shifts the utility curve outwards. People will then want to move to the innovative city and close the utility gap until a new equilibrium b and s. This however brings about an important point. The new equilibrium can only come about if labor migration exists. With the hukou system, migration is restricted which will result in innovative cities always having a higher utility than those who don’t and hence because of such a disequilibrium, the majority of Chinese cities in effect are induced into being ‘too small’. The equilibrium j cannot be reached as nnovation cannot â€Å"become contagious† across cities, in which both cities will innovate at the same time. Jacobs (1969, cited from Glaeser, 1992) further supports the notion that internal economic growth alone is not sufficient as most important knowledge spill-overs come from outside the industry, and as a result of labor migration restrictions, such knowledge is limited to flourish growth. Scherer (1982, cited from Glaeser, 1992) presents evidence strengthening Jacob’s view, indicating that around 70% of innovations in a given industry are used outside the industry. To summarize, labor mobility underpins the validity of O’Sullivan’s theories on utility and population size within a city and the ideas of internally induced growth put forward by Lucas, Krugman, Glaeser and O’Sullivan. Without labor mobility, labor cannot close utility gaps, therefore not allowing the theoretical possibility for them to become too big, but not too small. A city’s internal ability to induce growth is limited in Jacob’s view if the majority of increases in productivity and innovation as a result of knowledge spill-overs arguably come from outside he industry, and hence city. The hukou system’s power to restrict labor movement, restricts the possibility of â€Å"human containers shipping complex, uncodified information† (Storper, 2001) required for innovation from one interprovincial city to another, hence limiting the ability for growth. Chinese cities in effect, are forced into being ‘too small’. In conclusion, Myrdal (1957) argues a stable equilibrium assumption implies that a social process follows a direction, this in his view is wrong. It can be possible that some exogenous change has such strength and irection to bring the system to rest, however it is not a natural outcome and is furthermore unstable. Such a state can also be achieved through policy intervention – the hukou system in this case. Storper (1989) adds to this saying â€Å"growth is the pivot on which industrial geography turns, and change is the only constant in a world of persistent disequilibrium. Metaphorically, such an equilibrium (or disequilibrium relative to a less restricted system) resulting from the hukou system, contains provincial regions separately from one another rather than allowing a concoction give ise to a mass growing system. It can be argued however that smaller cities can be more desirable than those heavily under the influence of urban sprawl, exempting the dis-economies of increased congestion and commuting costs (Bruekner, 2000). But the strength and benefits of agglomeration economies in pushing cities to grow outweigh such by-products, as these can be addressed because of the innovation that is created. However, as discussed in this essay, there is much resentment against the hukou system. Huifeng (2010) presents a joint editorial in 13 Chinese mainland newspapers hat called on the nation’s top legislative body to abolish the hukou system, as the strict population controls have split the country into rural and urban areas. He continues to say as the mainland has developed in recent decades, concerns have been expressed that the system may be doing more harm than good, with the divide between the urban and rural populations growing into a chasm. If the restrictions were lifted, a natural flow will be brought about onto the Chinese economy, allowing Chinese cities and regions to converge towards O’Sullivan’s optimal equilibrium’s, no longer rendering them ‘too small’. How to cite The Hukou System in China, Essay examples

Competitive Strategies Airline Industries †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Competitive Strategies Airline Industries? Answer: Introduction The firm's competitive advantage and its profitability are the key determinants of the company success in a given industry. For the company to possess the two aspects, it must come up with the robust competitive strategies that will overcome the existing competition as well as the threat of the new entrants in the industry. This report explores the competitive strategies exhibited by Chevrolet and Peugeot the two companies in the car industry. The report also investigates the competitive strategies attributable to British Airways and Emirates Airlines which are some of the major companies in the Airline industry. In the recent the past, the competition in the car industry has been the intense one. However, there some companies in this industry such as Chevrolet and Peugeot that have been able to overcome the existing fierce competition through global strategy as a business model change to claim their competitive advantage both in the industry as well in the market. In the following discussion, this report discusses each company in detail. Chevrolet Motor Car Company Chevrolet is an American Automobile division of the General Motors Company. The Chevrolet Motor Car Company being an affiliate of the General Motors many its global entry strategies revolves around the parent company. General Motors applies the global strategy of a brand for every place. Whether in Europe, Asia or the United States, the buyer will find the Chevrolet cars in the market. This means this product is almost everywhere across the globe. The provision of the company products in a wide geographical region helps the company to claim largest market share even before the competitors can reach the market (Pfanner, 2012). This was the strategy that was used by the General Motors to market Chevrolet Cars in the global markets. Originally, the Chevrolet cars were meant for the entry-level car buyers (Pfanner, 2012). Therefore, the company had to avail the product to many target markets. This was one approach to introduce new product in the market. However, with the passage of time the company has focused on making the product affordable for the middle-market consumers. Again, to suit the growing demands of the customers the company has opted for investing more than five billion dollars to strengthen its position in the global market. In 2015 the company improved the Chevrolet brand to meet the rapidly growing customer needs in the global markets. They came up with an innovation of developing a new family car that still maintained the original name of the brand. According to the industry analysts, this was one of the most successful global strategy business model change that has maintained the competitiveness of the Chevrolet brand. The General Motors President, Dan Ammann in 2015 noted that with the anticipated growth of the automotive industry growth in the mature markets, the company should be a focus on capitalizing on the new emerging markets(Roman, 2015). That could only be achieved by modifying the company products to suit the growing needs of the markets. The improvement of the Chevrolet was aimed a new and modern family car to replace the existing ones. By adopting this strategy Chevrolet substantially improved its profitability and competitiveness by providing what customers wanted in each market. General Motors applied the concept of satisfying the customer needs based on their economic status to take maximum advantage of the global scale. Peugeot Motor Car Company Peugeot Company is a French company that has been dominating car industry over decades. Its objective encompasses on delivering the best-in-class driving experience that is characterized by the powerful driving sensations and heightened customer emotions. The success of the Peugeot Motor Car Company can be ascribed the continuous improvement that has been subjected to the brand since its invention. The Peugeot brand has been improved and maintained in line with the current technology in the market. Secondly, the company products are almost on over 180 countries and more than 10,000 points where customers can access the company products. The stiff competition experienced within the industry forced the company to seek a strategy of entering the global market. As a result, the company changed its strategy by introducing the improved Peugeot brand. In 2012, the company came up with the Peugeot i-Cockpit that has attracted more than 2.2 million customers across the world since it was launched. This was the key feature that enabled Peugeot to continue maintaining its competitiveness as well success in the international market. The competition continued to loom in the industry, and by 2015 the company implemented an innovative concept of Peugeot Fractal to improve the existing Peugeot i-Cockpit that was designed in 2012. This brand was aimed at improving and enhancing the company target customers both in the domestic and in the international markets. Out of continued innovations and with 180 countries and over 10,000 dealers the company profits increased by 4.6 percent during the period year that ended in 2015. The profit realized during the years was subjective to the 1,710, 000 vehicles worldwide. Apart from the innovativeness as the strategy of entering into the global markets, Peugeot has focused on alliances with the aim of minimizing the global operational costs. In 2012, Peugeot and General Motors allied with the expectations that they will save approximately 2 billion dollars annually within a timeframe of five years(Reed, 2012). Being the most competitive companies in the industry, the two companies agreed to share vehicle modules, components, and platforms and establish a global purchasing joint venture of buying parts and commodities to increase their purchasing power. The strategic alliance was meant to improve the competitiveness of each of the two companies on the global scale by ripping maximum benefits from the global market. Besides, the two companies have been able to realize profit increase especially in Europe and around the world as well. From the above discussion and analysis, it is indisputable that the Peugeot Company global entry strategy was maintained through innovativeness business model change. Besides, the company has embraced the aspect of cooperation and strategic alliance with its competitors to get maximum benefit from the global markets. Airline Industry The weakening of barriers to enter the airline industry has increased competition in the industry. This has been accompanied by high buyers power intensifying the competition further. Likewise, it has become difficult for the competitive international airline companies to reach target markets with ease. However, companies such British Airways and the United Emirates have been for long time operating in the global market effectively. The success of the two companies can be linked to their target markets as well as their modes of entry. This report discusses the competitive strategies of each company in the following paragraphs. British Airways British Airways target market is classified into economy class, premium economy, executive club and first class. The economy class comprises of the domestic flights within the United Kingdom as well as the whole of Europe, urban and rural migration and international flights. Premium economy includes selected international flights and targets low and middle-class customers. The executive class encompasses of international flights specifically focusing on business people and professionals. First class is based on selected international flights and as executive class targets business people and professionals. Ideally, market targeting strategy involves planned selection of the right market segment(Meyers, 2013, p. 28). The company should be able to satisfy the needs and preferences of the target market appropriately. The diversity and the preferences of the buyers in the target market determine the competitiveness of the company. British Airways has targeted on the diverse and differentiated target market based on the customers characteristics. For example, the company has segmented its target market based on the price. The different products offered by the company both in the domestic and international are in accordance to the affordability by their customers. This approach helps the company to serve all the markets. In the above discussion, the report has elaborated the specific target markets that British Airways focuses its operations. It has come out clear that the company aims at serving both the domestic and the international market. The competitive advantage of the company in the home and regional markets appear to be robust. However, the company competitive advantage in the international market seems to be fluctuating because of the fierce competition offered by other international flights. Therefore, it is important to review the companys global entry strategy to ascertain how the company has been able to penetrate as well as maintain its competitiveness in the global market. British Airways applies four modes of entry to enter both domestic and global markets; Market Penetration: British Airways penetrates in the new markets as well the existing ones through increasing its competitiveness. Usually, this involves increasing the provision of the current product, using promotion approaches and applying competitive pricing strategies to force other players in the market. Product Development: The British Airways applies this entry mode by introducing a new product to already existing market. This may comprise of coming up with the new services on the target market. Market Development: This strategy involves applying existing modes of entry in the new markets(Lynn, 2014, p. 66). British Airways enter the new market through utilizing the variety of the distribution channels that include using different pricing strategies according to the character traits of the market. Diversification Strategy: This approach involves introducing a new product in the new market segment. This means the company will be able to serve the market that was no longer exists. British Airways offers a variety of services both in the local and in the international market with the goal of serving many customers as possible. United Emirates Airline The Emirates Group is one of the most profitable and competitive international companies in the airline industry. Its success can be tied to the competitive strategies that the company has maintained both in the domestic market as well in the global markets. Apart from Asia, The United Emirates has been focusing on Europe and America. The huge number of countries in these continents, as well as their population, has given the company a strong position in the global market. Just like any other airline company, the Emirates Airline Target market can be classified into the average customers, middle-class customers, and high-class customers. The company applies this approach in segmenting its target market to serve the largest number of customers possible. The three segmentation approaches of the target are applied in all the markets where the company is selling its services. The major company markets comprise of the Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific and western countries. The Emirates Group has appealed to the international customers by coming up with the global marketing strategy that portrays customers as the globalists. The "Hello Tomorrow" term is widely used to woo global customers to purchase the company products. This slogan aims at positioning the airline as the facilitator of the global connectivity. As the company strives to reach more target markets, it has resulted on applying market entry strategies as applied by British Airways. The company applies these entry modes to reach both domestic and international markets. Market Penetration Strategy: Emirates Airline uses this strategy to maintain and improve its market share in the industry. This approach helps the company to increase the consumption of the existing customers as well as control the competitiveness of other players. Market Development Strategy: Emirates Group uses this strategy by expanding its services to more international destinations. This strategy has helped the company to continue increasing its share of the global market. Product Development Strategy: The Emirates group has developed a private suite and has continued to introduce more and new quality first class services to attract business segment customers in the target market. Low-Cost Carriers and Differentiated Strategies: The Company has diversified its services to target low-class customers both in the regional and global markets. Conclusion The success and the competitiveness of the company depend on its laid down strategies. The four companies in two different industries discussed in this report have been able to outperform their competitors because of their robust strategies. Chevrolet Motor Car Company success is built on the continuous success and improvement of its brand. The company has often modified its brands to suit the need of the customers in different markets. Likewise, Peugeot brand has been enhanced by taking advantage of the technology. On the other hand, the success of British Airways and the Emirates Group in the airline industry can be linked to appropriate segmentation of the target market as well as the application of the right market entry strategie References Lynn, M., 2014. Segmenting and Targeting Your Market: Strategies and Limitations. School of Hospitality Administration, 4(2), pp. 65-92. Meyers, Y. J., 2013. Target marketing and the product: categorizing products to understand the resulting marketing communication outcome measures. Journal of Management and Marketing Research , 2(2), pp. 22-38. Pfanner, E., 2012. G.M.s Global Strategy: A Brand for Every Place. [Online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/04/business/worldbusiness/04gm.html?mcubz=3 [Accessed 11 September 2017]. Reed, J., 2012. GM and Peugeot confirm alliance. [Online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/ac3aa4ca-62f0-11e1-9245-00144feabdc0 [Accessed 11 Septmber 2017]. Roman, D., 2015. Chevrolet Strengthens Position in Growth Markets with $5 Billion Investment. [Online] Available at: https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2015/jul/0728-chevrolet.html [Accessed 11 September 2017